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[WiFi]从底层修改路由器固件，以刷入OpenWrt，附实例：极壹-HC6361 [复制链接]

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只看楼主 倒序阅读 我要置顶 楼主  发表于: 2015-08-13
声明：帖子是原创，引用内容都会标注，翻译来的也会标出来。在此鄙视翻译来就当是自己原创内容的某些人。
简介：
话说前几天入了个二手极壹玩，主要是看硬件还不错，AR9331+16M+64M，还有板载4G U盘（我拿到的是8G）。没想到到手之后刷不了固件，因为U-Boot有防刷。网上的编程器固件不敢用，鬼知道里面有什么，而且ART分区也不是自己的了，mac地址也都乱套了。去Openwrt官网看，确实是有对HC6361的支持的，但是固件分了常见的sysupgrade，还有kernel和rootfs两项。sysupgade改名为recovery.bin，使用TFTP上传无效，不报错也不刷写直接重启，看来是u-boot有防刷措施，连官方的固件恢复工具都不起作用的。于是萌生了直接修改Flash内容的想法。

Flash的分区方式：
先来看张图[1]，图片上只是个例子，要点在Layer0，Layer1和Layer2，再详细的目前不做深究。

下面是一些详细说明，源文字来自OpenWrt官方Wiki，中文版很难看明白，我从英文翻译并简化了一下搬过来[2]：
  1. Layer0: 代表整个Flash芯片，通过SPI接口连接到SoC。
  2. Layer1: 第一层将路由器flash分成3个区，/mtd0分区是给Bootloader的，相当于电脑的引导程序。一般来说大小是128KiB，这128KiB又包含64KiB的u-boot和64KiB的区域来放置其他信息，例如有线网的mac地址。但是这个需要根据实际情况来确定，有的路由器会有不同的大小。实例中的HC6361的/mtd0分区就是128KiB的大小。（注：容量单位这里使用的比较严格，防止误解。1KiB=1024Byte，1KB=1000Byte）
    /mtd4，指的art（Atheros Radio Test）分区（Atheros芯片组特有的），它包含无线的校准信息，还有无线的MAC地址，如果此分区损坏wifi将不能工作。
    /firmware是固件区，下面会说明。
  3. Layer2: /mtd5分区，表示整个固件区域，又被分成/mtd1给内核（Kernel）和/mtd2给根文件系统（rootfs）。内核二进制文件是以LZMA压缩，之后在以gzip压缩，最后直接写入flash上的/mtd1，没有文件系统的存在。rootfs就不深究了，目前我们只要了解到Layer2就可以进行操作了。



实战编辑：
了解了Flash基础之后，我们可以知道对应的地址了，就可以对Flash的内容直接进行编辑了。当然在此我们并不能真正的直接编辑Flash的内容，只能通过编程器读出BIN文件，修改好了再刷回去。软件只需要使用WinHEX即可，一款十六进制编译器。读出flash内容的过程就不再赘述了，重点是对文件进行编辑。


1. 用WinHex打开文件，我们可以看到左侧的Offset（偏移）和右侧的文件大小。文件大小转换来是16777216Bytes，转换成十六进制就是从0开始的Offset。在平常的计算器上不停的转换进制是很麻烦的，还好我们有windows自带的计算器，模式调整成“程序员”就能看到进制切换了。计算器打开不要关，下面还要用到很多次。




2. 知道了Offset和文件大小的关系，下一步就是找地址。
为了方便，我在这里直接贴出我计算好的地址范围，还是拿这个HC6361为例：
16MiBFlash=16384KiB=16777216Bytes
/mtd0=0x00000-0x1FFFF
/mtd1=0x20000-0x15FFFF
/mtd2=0x160000-0xFEFFFF
/mtd4=0xFF0000-0xFFFFFF
别的flash请自己计算吧，/mtd0一般在头128KiB，/mtd4在最后64KiB。


3. 既然我们的固件是有kernel和rootfs的，所以我们要把原来的kernel和rootfs全部清理干净。
按Alt+G，填入16进制的偏移量，在这里是20000，也就是/mtd1（内核）开始的地方。


现在我们来到了0x20000的位置，右键选第一项或者Alt+1，标出起始点。


再去0xFEFFFF，这里是/mtd4（根文件系统）的终点，在这里右键第二项或者Alt+2标志结束点。这时，winhex会自动选中0x20000到0xFEFFFF的区域。按Ctrl+L，将此区域填充FF，达到清空的目的。




4. 现在我们没有了内核和根文件系统，下一步就是要把OpenWrt原生的写进去。从downloads.openwrt.org/下载内核和根文件系统，都用winhex打开备用。首先切换到内核部分，全选，然后复制；再切回刚刚我们用编程器读出的那个文件，跳转到0x20000（内核开始的地址），按Ctrl+B写入。不要使用粘贴，因为会增加文件大小。之后跳转到0x160000，这里是根文件系统的开始地址，去下载的根文件系统文件里复制过来，Ctrl+B写入就可以了。

5. 经过这么一番折腾，我们就可以保存文件并刷回去了。附TTL输出（mac地址去掉了，固件是我自己编译的）：
复制代码
  1. U-Boot 1.1.4 (Aug 25 2014 - 14:17:29)
  3. AP121 (ar9331) U-boot
  5. DRAM:  64 MB
  6. Flash Manuf Id 0xef, DeviceId0 0x40, DeviceId1 0x18
  7. flash size 16777216, sector count = 256
  8. Flash: 16 MB
  9. Using default environment
  11. In:    serial
  12. Out:   serial
  13. Err:   serial
  14. Net:   ag7240_enet_initialize...
  15. No valid address in Flash. Using fixed address
  16. No valid address in Flash. Using fixed address
  17. ag7240 gmac:
  18. eth0:
  19. eth0 up
  20. ag7240 gmac:
  21. eth1:
  22. athrs26_reg_init_lan
  23. ATHRS26: resetting s26
  24. ATHRS26: s26 reset done
  25. eth1 up
  26. eth0, eth1
  27. Autobooting in 2 seconds
  28. ## Booting image at 9f020000 ...
  29.    Image Name:   tw150v1 MIPS OpenWrt Linux-4.1.4
  30.    Created:      2015-08-10  11:41:28 UTC
  31.    Image Type:   MIPS Linux Kernel Image (lzma compressed)
  32.    Data Size:    1166935 Bytes =  1.1 MB
  33.    Load Address: 80060000
  34.    Entry Point:  80060000
  35.    Verifying Checksum at 0x9f020040 ...OK
  36.    Uncompressing Kernel Image ... OK
  38. Starting kernel ...
  40. [    0.000000] Linux version 4.1.4 (ian@ian-FMVNT1CG) (gcc version 4.8.3 (OpenWrt/Linaro GCC 4.8-2014.04 r46576) ) #1 Mon Aug 10 19:41:15 CST 2015
  41. [    0.000000] bootconsole [early0] enabled
  42. [    0.000000] CPU0 revision is: 00019374 (MIPS 24Kc)
  43. [    0.000000] SoC: Atheros AR9330 rev 1
  44. [    0.000000] Determined physical RAM map:
  45. [    0.000000]  memory: 04000000 @ 00000000 (usable)
  46. [    0.000000] Initrd not found or empty - disabling initrd
  47. [    0.000000] Zone ranges:
  48. [    0.000000]   Normal   [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x0000000003ffffff]
  49. [    0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
  50. [    0.000000] Early memory node ranges
  51. [    0.000000]   node   0: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x0000000003ffffff]
  52. [    0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x0000000003ffffff]
  53. [    0.000000] Primary instruction cache 64kB, VIPT, 4-way, linesize 32 bytes.
  54. [    0.000000] Primary data cache 32kB, 4-way, VIPT, cache aliases, linesize 32 bytes
  55. [    0.000000] Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on.  Total pages: 16256
  56. [    0.000000] Kernel command line:  board=HiWiFi-HC6361 console=ttyATH0,115200 mtdparts=spi0.0:64k(u-boot)ro,64k(bdinfo)ro,1280k(kernel),14848k(rootfs),64k(backup)ro,64k(art)ro,16128k@0x20000(firmware) rootfstype=squashfs,jffs2 noinitrd
  57. [    0.000000] PID hash table entries: 256 (order: -2, 1024 bytes)
  58. [    0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
  59. [    0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
  60. [    0.000000] Writing ErrCtl register=00000000
  61. [    0.000000] Readback ErrCtl register=00000000
  62. [    0.000000] Memory: 60880K/65536K available (2565K kernel code, 126K rwdata, 544K rodata, 212K init, 188K bss, 4656K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
  63. [    0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=32, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
  64. [    0.000000] NR_IRQS:83
  65. [    0.000000] Clocks: CPU:400.000MHz, DDR:400.000MHz, AHB:200.000MHz, Ref:25.000MHz
  66. [    0.000000] clocksource MIPS: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 9556302233 ns
  67. [    0.000013] sched_clock: 32 bits at 200MHz, resolution 5ns, wraps every 10737418237ns
  68. [    0.007531] Calibrating delay loop... 265.42 BogoMIPS (lpj=1327104)
  69. [    0.088729] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
  70. [    0.093314] Mount-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
  71. [    0.099479] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
  72. [    0.110101] clocksource jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 19112604462750000 ns
  73. [    0.119043] NET: Registered protocol family 16
  74. [    0.124211] MIPS: machine is HiWiFi HC6361
  75. [    0.616542] Switched to clocksource MIPS
  76. [    0.620725] NET: Registered protocol family 2
  77. [    0.624926] TCP established hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
  78. [    0.630275] TCP bind hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
  79. [    0.636298] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 1024 bind 1024)
  80. [    0.642534] UDP hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
  81. [    0.647990] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
  82. [    0.654298] NET: Registered protocol family 1
  83. [    0.659690] futex hash table entries: 256 (order: -1, 3072 bytes)
  84. [    0.687871] squashfs: version 4.0 (2009/01/31) Phillip Lougher
  85. [    0.692079] jffs2: version 2.2 (NAND) (SUMMARY) (LZMA) (RTIME) (CMODE_PRIORITY) (c) 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.
  86. [    0.704265] io scheduler noop registered
  87. [    0.706727] io scheduler deadline registered (default)
  88. [    0.711844] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 1 ports, IRQ sharing disabled
  89. [    0.718343] ar933x-uart: ttyATH0 at MMIO 0x18020000 (irq = 11, base_baud = 1562500) is a AR933X UART
  90. [    0.726849] console [ttyATH0] enabled
  91. [    0.726849] console [ttyATH0] enabled
  92. [    0.733623] bootconsole [early0] disabled
  93. [    0.733623] bootconsole [early0] disabled
  94. [    0.745070] m25p80 spi0.0: found w25q128, expected m25p80
  95. [    0.749106] m25p80 spi0.0: w25q128 (16384 Kbytes)
  96. [    0.753749] 7 cmdlinepart partitions found on MTD device spi0.0
  97. [color=#ff0000][    0.759622] Creating 7 MTD partitions on "spi0.0":[/color]
  98. [color=#ff0000][    0.764401] 0x000000000000-0x000000010000 : "u-boot"[/color]
  99. [color=#ff0000][    0.770631] 0x000000010000-0x000000020000 : "bdinfo"[/color]
  100. [color=#ff0000][    0.775427] 0x000000020000-0x000000160000 : "kernel"[/color]
  101. [color=#ff0000][    0.780484] 0x000000160000-0x000000fe0000 : "rootfs"[/color]
  102. [color=#ff0000][    0.785254] mtd: device 3 (rootfs) set to be root filesystem[/color]
  103. [color=#ff0000][    0.789934] 1 squashfs-split partitions found on MTD device rootfs[/color]
  104. [color=#ff0000][    0.795989] 0x0000004a0000-0x000000fe0000 : "rootfs_data"[/color]
  105. [color=#ff0000][    0.802536] 0x000000fe0000-0x000000ff0000 : "backup"[/color]
  106. [color=#ff0000][    0.807526] 0x000000ff0000-0x000001000000 : "art"[/color]
  107. [color=#ff0000][    0.812116] 0x000000020000-0x000000fe0000 : "firmware"[/color]
  108. [    0.839490] libphy: ag71xx_mdio: probed
  109. [    1.428038] ag71xx-mdio.1: Found an AR7240/AR9330 built-in switch
  110. [    1.460085] eth0: Atheros AG71xx at 0xba000000, irq 5, mode:GMII
  111. [    2.048249] ag71xx ag71xx.0: connected to PHY at ag71xx-mdio.1:04 [uid=004dd041, driver=Generic PHY]
  112. [    2.057004] eth1: Atheros AG71xx at 0xb9000000, irq 4, mode:MII
  113. [    2.063585] NET: Registered protocol family 17
  114. [    2.066777] bridge: automatic filtering via arp/ip/ip6tables has been deprecated. Update your scripts to load br_netfilter if you need this.
  115. [    2.079354] 8021q: 802.1Q VLAN Support v1.8
  116. [    2.093951] VFS: Mounted root (squashfs filesystem) readonly on device 31:3.
  117. [    2.101272] Freeing unused kernel memory: 212K (8038b000 - 803c0000)
  118. [    3.460989] init: Console is alive
  119. [    3.463213] init: - watchdog -
  120. [    5.634839] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
  121. [    5.639076] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
  122. [    5.644289] usbcore: registered new device driver usb
  123. [    5.703017] SCSI subsystem initialized
  124. [    5.714074] ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver
  125. [    5.721209] ehci-platform: EHCI generic platform driver
  126. [    5.725089] ehci-platform ehci-platform: EHCI Host Controller
  127. [    5.730841] ehci-platform ehci-platform: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
  128. [    5.740756] ehci-platform ehci-platform: irq 3, io mem 0x1b000000
  129. [    5.756588] ehci-platform ehci-platform: USB 2.0 started, EHCI 1.00
  130. [    5.762615] hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
  131. [    5.765550] hub 1-0:1.0: 1 port detected
  132. [    5.775260] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
  133. [    6.086570] usb 1-1: new high-speed USB device number 2 using ehci-platform
  134. [    6.239969] usb-storage 1-1:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
  135. [    6.245450] scsi host0: usb-storage 1-1:1.0
  136. [    6.506222] init: - preinit -
  137. [    7.172317] random: procd urandom read with 11 bits of entropy available
  138. Press the [f] key and hit [enter] to enter failsafe mode
  139. Press the [1], [2], [3] or [4] key and hit [enter] to select the debug level
  140. [    8.265508] scsi 0:0:0:0: Direct-Access     Skymedi  PenDrive         1.21 PQ: 0 ANSI: 4
  141. [    8.276709] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 15663104 512-byte logical blocks: (8.01 GB/7.46 GiB)
  142. [    8.284454] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
  143. [    8.289463] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: disabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
  144. [    8.312086] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI removable disk
  145. [    8.747868] eth0: link up (1000Mbps/Full duplex)
  146. [    9.423711] mount_root: loading kmods from internal overlay
  147. [    9.706526] block: attempting to load /etc/config/fstab
  148. [    9.710678] block: unable to load configuration (fstab: Entry not found)
  149. [    9.717642] block: no usable configuration
  150. [    9.722073] mount_root: jffs2 not ready yet, using temporary tmpfs overlay
  151. [    9.759661] eth0: link down
  152. [    9.776304] procd: - early -
  153. [    9.778060] procd: - watchdog -
  154. [   10.693947] procd: - ubus -
  155. [   11.718448] procd: - init -
  156. Please press Enter to activate this console.
  157. [   12.939732] NET: Registered protocol family 10
  158. [   12.967977] ip6_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
  159. [   12.991801] Loading modules backported from Linux version master-2015-07-21-0-g47cd203
  160. [   12.998351] Backport generated by backports.git backports-20150626-0-gc1a4168
  161. [   13.009824] ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team
  162. [   13.029288] nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (954 buckets, 3816 max)
  163. [   13.088609] xt_time: kernel timezone is -0000
  164. [   13.129844] cfg80211: World regulatory domain updated:
  165. [   13.133528] cfg80211:  DFS Master region: unset
  166. [   13.137943] cfg80211:   (start_freq - end_freq @ bandwidth), (max_antenna_gain, max_eirp), (dfs_cac_time)
  167. [   13.147616] cfg80211:   (2402000 KHz - 2472000 KHz @ 40000 KHz), (N/A, 2000 mBm), (N/A)
  168. [   13.155583] cfg80211:   (2457000 KHz - 2482000 KHz @ 40000 KHz), (N/A, 2000 mBm), (N/A)
  169. [   13.163584] cfg80211:   (2474000 KHz - 2494000 KHz @ 20000 KHz), (N/A, 2000 mBm), (N/A)
  170. [   13.171572] cfg80211:   (5170000 KHz - 5250000 KHz @ 80000 KHz, 160000 KHz AUTO), (N/A, 2000 mBm), (N/A)
  171. [   13.181034] cfg80211:   (5250000 KHz - 5330000 KHz @ 80000 KHz, 160000 KHz AUTO), (N/A, 2000 mBm), (0 s)
  172. [   13.190492] cfg80211:   (5490000 KHz - 5730000 KHz @ 160000 KHz), (N/A, 2000 mBm), (0 s)
  173. [   13.198560] cfg80211:   (5735000 KHz - 5835000 KHz @ 80000 KHz), (N/A, 2000 mBm), (N/A)
  174. [   13.206552] cfg80211:   (57240000 KHz - 63720000 KHz @ 2160000 KHz), (N/A, 0 mBm), (N/A)
  175. [   13.321304] PPP generic driver version 2.4.2
  176. [   13.328073] NET: Registered protocol family 24
  177. [   13.411850] ieee80211 phy0: Atheros AR9330 Rev:1 mem=0xb8100000, irq=2
  178. [   13.420986] cfg80211: Regulatory domain changed to country: US
  179. [   13.425369] cfg80211:  DFS Master region: FCC
  180. [   13.429608] cfg80211:   (start_freq - end_freq @ bandwidth), (max_antenna_gain, max_eirp), (dfs_cac_time)
  181. [   13.439287] cfg80211:   (2402000 KHz - 2472000 KHz @ 40000 KHz), (N/A, 3000 mBm), (N/A)
  182. [   13.447271] cfg80211:   (5170000 KHz - 5250000 KHz @ 80000 KHz, 160000 KHz AUTO), (N/A, 1700 mBm), (N/A)
  183. [   13.456731] cfg80211:   (5250000 KHz - 5330000 KHz @ 80000 KHz, 160000 KHz AUTO), (N/A, 2300 mBm), (0 s)
  184. [   13.466176] cfg80211:   (5490000 KHz - 5730000 KHz @ 160000 KHz), (N/A, 2300 mBm), (0 s)
  185. [   13.474262] cfg80211:   (5735000 KHz - 5835000 KHz @ 80000 KHz), (N/A, 3000 mBm), (N/A)
  186. [   13.482247] cfg80211:   (57240000 KHz - 63720000 KHz @ 2160000 KHz), (N/A, 4000 mBm), (N/A)
  187. [   28.461289] device eth0 entered promiscuous mode
  188. [   28.487811] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): br-lan: link is not ready
  189. [   28.540479] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth1: link is not ready
  190. [   28.630424] jffs2_scan_eraseblock(): End of filesystem marker found at 0x0
  191. [   28.656762] jffs2_build_filesystem(): unlocking the mtd device... done.
  192. [   28.661927] jffs2_build_filesystem(): erasing all blocks after the end marker...
  193. [   30.057949] eth0: link up (1000Mbps/Full duplex)
  194. [   30.061321] br-lan: port 1(eth0) entered forwarding state
  195. [   30.066750] br-lan: port 1(eth0) entered forwarding state
  196. [   30.116759] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): br-lan: link becomes ready
  197. [   32.066622] br-lan: port 1(eth0) entered forwarding state
  198. [   54.096600] random: nonblocking pool is initialized
  199. [   75.313215] done.

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